Ib qho tseem ceeb tseem ceeb hauv zaj dab neeg ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej yog kev txhim kho ntawm kev sau ntawv raws li cov cim uas sawv cev rau lub suab ntawm ib hom lus. Cov cim zoo li no hu ua cov tsiaj ntawv. Cov ntawv sau cov tsiaj ntawv siv cov cim tshwj xeeb thiab ua raws li kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov suab thiab cov cim. Tam sim no, kev sau cov tsiaj ntawv raug suav hais tias muaj keeb kwm nyob rau xyoo 1800 BCE raws li 2022 tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm kev tshawb pom Ivory zuag ntawm Tel Lachish sau nrog kab lus sau ua lus Kana-aanite. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau hais tias cov ntawv sau rau ntawm cov av nplaum me me los ntawm 2400 BCE excavated ntawm Umm el-Marra hauv Syria hauv 2004 yog cov cim uas sawv cev rau cov suab lus. Tab sis cov ntawv sau tsis tuaj yeem txhais tsis tau yog li lub ntsiab lus tseeb tseem tsis paub. Cov lus nug ntawm seb puas muaj pov thawj ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm kev sau cov tsiaj ntawv muaj nyob rau 2400 BCE yuav txaus siab rau thaum lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sau ntawm cov khoom cuav no tau tshwm sim hauv kev kawm yav tom ntej.
Homo sapiens txawv nyob rau hauv lub nceeg vaj nyob rau hauv muaj evolved ib tug saj zawg zog oro-ntsej ntsej muag musculature los tsim cov qauv tsim suab sib txuas lus xav thiab tswv yim nrog lwm tus. Cov lus (piv txwv li, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib txuas lus) tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib txuas lus ntawm qhov ncauj. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, kev sau ntawv tau tsim siv cov cim thiab cov cai los encode yam ntawm cov lus hais. Raws li kev sawv cev ntawm cov lus hais, kev sau ntawv tau yooj yim khaws thiab hloov cov ntaub ntawv thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob ntawm kev vam meej.
Cov txheej txheem sau ntawv ntxov tshaj plaws xws li Sumerian (3400 BC -1 AD), Iyiv Hieroglyphics (3200 BC - 400 AD), Akkadian (2500 BC), Eblaite (2400 BC - 550 BC), thiab Indus hav (2600 BC -1900 BC) ua haujlwm pictographs (daim duab los piav txog cov lus lossis cov tswv yim), ideographs (cov cim xws li cov cim Suav), thiab cov cim (cov cim lossis cov cim uas sawv cev rau ib lo lus lossis kab lus) ua cov cim rau encode cov lus hais. Cov txheej txheem sau ntawv ntawm qee yam lus niaj hnub xws li Suav, Nyij Pooj, thiab Kaus Lim kuj poob rau hauv pawg no. Txhua lub cim encoding sawv cev rau ib yam khoom, ib lub tswv yim, lossis ib lo lus lossis kab lus. Yog li ntawd, cov txheej txheem sau ntawv no xav tau ntau cov cim. Piv txwv li, Suav kev sau ntawv muaj ntau dua 50,000 lub cim los sawv cev cov lus thiab lub ntsiab lus hauv Suav. Lawm, kev kawm xws li kev sau ntawv tsis yooj yim.
Ib qho tseem ceeb tseem ceeb hauv zaj dab neeg ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej yog kev txhim kho ntawm kev sau ntawv raws li cov cim uas sawv cev rau lub suab ntawm ib hom lus. Cov cim zoo li no hu ua cov tsiaj ntawv. Hauv kev sau cov tsiaj ntawv xws li lus Askiv, 26 cov cim (lossis cov tsiaj ntawv) thiab lawv cov qauv sawv cev rau cov suab lus Askiv.
Cov ntawv sau cov tsiaj ntawv siv cov cim tshwj xeeb thiab ua raws li kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov suab thiab cov cim. Nws yog qhov yooj yim dua li cov ntawv sau tsis yog cov tsiaj ntawv los kawm thiab muaj peev xwm tsis kawg los sib txuas lus yooj yim dua thiab raug. Invention of alphabets txhais tau tias yooj yim kis ntawm kev paub thiab tswv yim. Nws qhib qhov rooj rau kev kawm thiab ua rau coob tus neeg nyeem thiab sau ntawv thiab koom nrog kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam, kev tswj hwm thiab kev coj noj coj ua zoo dua. Peb tsis tuaj yeem xav txog kev vam meej niaj hnub no yam tsis muaj kev sau cov tsiaj ntawv uas tseem muaj feem cuam tshuam ntau dua li niaj hnub no.
Tab sis thaum twg cov tsiaj ntawv tau tsim? Dab tsi yog qhov pov thawj ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm kev sau cov tsiaj ntawv?
Ib lub pob zeb limestone tau sau nrog ib daim ntawv teev cov lus Egyptian thaum ub tau tshaj tawm xyoo 2015. Nws tau pom nyob rau hauv ib lub qhov ntxa Egyptian qub nyob ze Luxor. Cov lus nyob rau hauv inscription yog teem raws li lawv thawj lub suab. Qhov khoom plig no tau sau hnub tim 15th xyoo pua BC thiab tau xav tias yog cov pov thawj qub tshaj plaws ntawm kev sau cov tsiaj ntawv.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov xwm txheej tau hloov nrog 2022 tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm cov khoom qub qub. Ivory zuag sau nrog ib kab lus sau ua lus Canaanite nrhiav pom ntawm Tel Lachish muaj 17 tsab ntawv los ntawm thawj theem ntawm kev tsim cov ntawv sau cov tsiaj ntawv uas tsim tau xya lo lus. Lub ivory zuag no tau pom los ntawm 1700 BC. Raws li qhov kev sib tham no, nws tau pom tias cov tsiaj ntawv tau tsim nyob ib puag ncig 1800 BCE. Tab sis muaj ntau ntxiv rau zaj dab neeg ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv sau.
Hauv xyoo 2004, plaub lub cylindrical me me ua los ntawm av nplaum ntev txog 4 cms tau pom nyob rau hauv kev khawb ntawm Umm el-Marra hauv Syria. Cov artefacts tau pom nyob rau hauv Early Bronze Age khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, yos mus rau 2300 BCE. Carbon dating paub tseeb tias lawv yog los ntawm 2400 BCE. Cov khoom cylindrical dais cov cim uas tau lees paub tias yog cov ntawv sau tab sis kom meej tsis yog logo-syllabic cuneiform. Cov ntawv sau muaj qee qhov zoo li Egyptian hieroglyphs tab sis zoo li zoo li Semitic alphabetic sau.
Tus kws tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau hais tias cov cim ntawm cov av nplaum yog cov cim uas sawv cev rau cov suab sib xws rau a, i, k, l, n, s thiab y. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntawv sau tsis tau txhais tsis tau yog li lub ntsiab lus tseeb tseem tsis paub.
Cov lus nug ntawm seb puas muaj pov thawj ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm kev sau cov tsiaj ntawv nyob rau 2400 BCE yuav txaus siab rau thaum lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sau ntawv ntawm cov av nplaum uas pom ntawm Umm el-Marra site hauv 2004 tau tshwm sim hauv kev kawm yav tom ntej.
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References:
- Leiden University. Xov Xwm - Cov npe ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv uas paub ntxov tshaj plaws nrhiav pom. Tshaj tawm 05 Kaum Ib Hlis 2015. Muaj nyob ntawm https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/news/2015/11/earliest-known-alphabetic-word-list-discovered
- Hebrew University. Thawj kab lus puas tau sau ua lus Kana-aanite lus pom nyob rau hauv Tel Lachish: Hebrew U. Unearths Ivory Comb los ntawm 1700 BCE Inscribed with Plea to Eradicate Lice—“Thov kom tus [ivory] tus ko taw tawm cov ntshauv ntawm cov plaub hau thiab hwj txwv”. Tshaj tawm 13 Kaum Ib Hlis 2022. Muaj nyob ntawm https://en.huji.ac.il/news/first-sentence-ever-written-canaanite-language-discovered-tel-lachish-hebrew-u
- Vainstub, D., 2022. Ib tug Canaanite's Wish to Eradicate Lice on an Inscribed Ivory Comb from Lachish. Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology, 2022; 2:76 TSI: https://doi.org/10.52486/01.00002.4
- Johns Hopkins University. Xov Xwm -Cov tsiaj ntawv sau tej zaum yuav tau pib 500 xyoo ua ntej ntseeg. Tshaj tawm Lub Xya Hli 13, 2021.Available at https://hub.jhu.edu/2021/07/13/alphabetic-writing-500-years-earlier-glenn-schwartz/
- Johns Hopkins University. Xov Xwm - Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev sau cov tsiaj ntawv qub tshaj plaws tau pom nyob hauv nroog Syrian qub. Tshaj tawm 21 Kaum Ib Hlis 2024. Muaj nyob ntawm https://hub.jhu.edu/2024/11/21/ancient-alphabet-discovered-syria/
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