Ib pab neeg uas koom nrog Austrian Academy of Sciences tau nthuav tawm cov cim tshiab microstructural rau malting nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv archaeological. Ua li no, cov kws tshawb fawb kuj tau muab pov thawj ntawm malting nyob rau tom qab lub hnub nyoog pob zeb hauv nruab nrab Teb chaws Europe. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm no 'cov txheej txheem tshiab' thiab 'cov pov thawj ntawm malting hauv Neolithic central Teb chaws Europe' yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb fawb 'npias qub'.
Brewed cawv haus tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev sib raug zoo thiab tau ua ib feem ntawm kev noj haus txij li lub sijhawm muaj pob zeb thaum muaj kev hloov ntawm 'kev yos hav zoov sib sau ua ke' mus rau 'kev cog qoob loo'. Txawm li cas los xij, lub khoom qub teb chaws science twb tsis muaj peev xwm muab pov thawj ncaj qha ntawm npias ua thiab nws siv los ntawm cov khoom qub teb chaws cov ntaub ntawv. Qhov sib txawv no yog tam sim no hais los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb.
Cov theem tseem ceeb hauv kev ua npias yog malting (nrog rau cov sprouting thiab tom qab ziab los yog ci ntawm cereals), mashing (sub sib tov ntawm milled grain nrog dej tso cai rau saccharification los yog hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm starch nyob rau hauv lub grain rau qab zib los ntawm cov enzymes nyob rau hauv lub malt). , lautering (kev sib cais ntawm cov kua qab zib, wort los ntawm cov nplej), thiab fermenting (hloov qab zib rau ethanol los ntawm cov poov xab).
Thaum lub sij hawm malting theem (thaum lub cereals hloov mus rau malt), cov noob kab mob resorts rau saccharification ntawm starch nyob rau hauv endosperm thiab cellulose thiab hemicelluloses ntawm cell phab ntsa rau suab thaj raws li qhov chaw ntawm lub zog. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, muaj qhov pom tseeb ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm tes hauv cov txheej txheem endosperm thiab aleurone. Tag nrho cov nplej malted qhia cov yam ntxwv no (ntawm qhov tseem ceeb thinning tawm ntawm aleurone cell phab ntsa) txawm tias tom qab milling los yog sib tsoo ntawm cov nplej malted raws li kev npaj rau mashing. Qhov no thinning ntawm aleurone phab ntsa tuaj yeem siv los ua tus cim los kuaj pom malting. Hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no, cov kws tshawb nrhiav tau siv qhov tshwj xeeb no los txheeb xyuas cov pov thawj ntawm malting nyob rau hauv charred archaeological seem.
Cov archaeologists nyob rau hauv no txoj kev tshawb no thawj zaug tsim ib tug simulation ntawm archaeological preservation los ntawm artificially charring (tsis tiav combustion) niaj hnub malted barley nyob rau hauv lub laboratory. Kev kuaj xyuas microscopic ntawm cov qauv simulated pom cov lus sib tham saum toj no ntawm malting. Qhov tiag khoom qub teb chaws cov qauv tau txais los ntawm cov chaw kuj pom cov cim zoo sib xws (thinning tawm ntawm aleurone cell phab ntsa).
Lub tshuab ntsuas hluav taws xob ntsuas hluav taws xob (SEM) kev kuaj xyuas ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws kub hlawv pom nyob rau hauv ceramic brewing vats ntawm ancient Iyiv breweries (4th txhiab xyoo BCE) pom tias thinning tawm ntawm phab ntsa aleurone raws li pom hauv cov qauv simulated.
Cov qauv los ntawm Late Neolithic Lakeshore settlements nyob rau hauv Central Teb chaws Europe (kwv yees li 4 xyoo txhiab BCE) kuj tau pom cov cim zoo sib xws hauv cov archaeological residues.
Cov pov thawj ntawm barley malt tau pom nyob rau hauv lub archaeological qhob cij crust residues los ntawm ob qhov chaw ntawm ntug dej ntawm Lake Constance - qhov chaw nyob ntawm Zürich Parkhaus Opéra, Switzerland thiab ntawm Sipplingen-Osthafen thiab Hornstaad-Hörnle.
Barley mash nyob rau hauv lub khob zoo li cov khoom pom ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Hornstaad-Hörnle yuav qhia tau tias thaum ntxov npias hauv Central Teb chaws Europe tab sis fermentation tsis tuaj yeem lees paub. Yog li ntawd, thaum muaj pov thawj tseeb ntawm malting, zus tau tej cov 'alcoholic npias' yuav tsis paub tseeb.
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Qhov chaw:
1. Austrian Academy of Sciences 2020. Xov Xwm - Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tshiab muab pov thawj rau tom qab lub hnub nyoog pob zeb brewing hauv nruab nrab Teb chaws Europe. Tshaj tawm rau lub Plaub Hlis 10, 2020. Muaj nyob online ntawm https://www.oeaw.ac.at/en/detail/news/a-new-research-method-provides-evidence-on-later-stone-age-brewing-in-central-europe/ Tau txais los ntawm 08 May 2020.
2. Heiss AG, Azorín MB, et al., 2020. Mashes to Mashes, Crust to Crust. Tshaj tawm qhov tshiab microstructural marker rau malting nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv archaeological. Published: 07 May 2020. PLoS ONE 15(5): e0231696. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231696
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Lus raug kaw.