Cov kws tshawb fawb tau txheeb xyuas thiab tsim cov enzyme uas tuaj yeem zom thiab haus qee yam ntawm peb cov pa phem tshaj plaws. yas muab kev cia siab rau kev rov ua dua tshiab thiab sib ntaus sib tua pa phem
Kev ua qias tuaj yas yog qhov kev sib tw loj tshaj plaws ntawm ib puag ncig thoob ntiaj teb hauv daim ntawv yas pa phem thiab qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws rau qhov teeb meem no tseem tsis tau paub. Feem ntau yas yog tsim los ntawm cov roj av lossis cov nkev ntuj uas yog cov khoom siv tsis tau txuas ntxiv dua tshiab uas tau muab rho tawm thiab ua tiav siv cov tswv yim siv zog. Yog li, lawv cov kev tsim khoom thiab kev tsim khoom nws tus kheej yog kev puas tsuaj rau cov ecosystems tsis yooj yim. Kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov yas (feem ntau yog incineration) ua rau huab cua, dej thiab av pa phem. Kwv yees li 79 feem pua ntawm cov yas uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv 70 xyoo dhau los tau raug muab pov tseg, xws li mus rau hauv qhov chaw pov tseg lossis mus rau hauv ib puag ncig ib puag ncig thaum tsuas yog li cuaj feem pua yog rov siv dua nrog rau qhov seem incinerated. Cov txheej txheem ntawm incineration no nthuav tawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis zoo rau cov tshuaj lom neeg uas suav nrog cov tshuaj ua rau mob qog noj ntshav. Cov dej hiav txwv tau hais tias muaj qee qhov 51 trillion microplastic hais thiab maj mam depleting marine life. Qee cov yas microparticles tau cua tshuab mus rau hauv huab cua pa phem thiab nws yog qhov muaj peev xwm tiag tiag uas peb yuav nqus tau lawv. Tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem kwv yees nyob rau xyoo 1960 tias qhov kev tshwm sim thiab kev nyiam ntawm cov yas yuav muaj ib hnub dhau los ua lub nra hnyav nrog cov pov tseg yas loj uas pom nyob hauv peb cov dej hiav txwv zoo nkauj, huab cua thiab pov tseg rau ntawm peb thaj av muaj nuj nqis.
yas kev ntim khoom yog qhov kev hem thawj loj tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau siv cov yas tsis zoo. Tab sis qhov teeb meem yog tias lub hnab yas nyob txhua qhov chaw, siv rau txhua lub hom phiaj me me thiab tsis muaj kev tswj hwm nws qhov kev siv. Cov yas hluavtaws no tsis biodegrade, tsuas yog zaum thiab khaws cia hauv qhov chaw pov tseg thiab pab txhawb rau ib puag ncig. pa phem. Tau muaj kev pib rau "txiav yas tag", tshwj xeeb tshaj yog polystyrene uas yog siv rau hauv ntim. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog ua rau cov txiaj ntsig xav tau vim tias cov yas tseem nyob thoob plaws hauv av, huab cua thiab dej thiab puas tau loj hlob. Kev nyab xeeb hais tias yas yuav tsis pom qhov muag liab qab txhua lub sijhawm tab sis nws nyob txhua qhov chaw! Hmoov tsis zoo uas peb tsis tuaj yeem daws cov khoom siv yas rov ua dua tshiab thiab pov tseg cov teeb meem.
Hauv kev tshawb fawb luam tawm hauv Cov txheej txheem ntawm National Academy of Sciences USA, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom qhov paub txog ntuj enzyme uas pub rau cov yas. Qhov no yog lub sijhawm nrhiav pom thaum lawv tab tom tshuaj xyuas cov qauv ntawm ib qho enzyme uas tau pom nyob rau hauv cov khib nyiab npaj mus rau rov ua dua tshiab ntawm ib qho chaw hauv Nyij Pooj. Cov enzyme no hu ua Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6, muaj peev xwm "noj" lossis "tso" patented yas PET lossis polyethylene terephthalate uas feem ntau siv ntau lab tons ntawm lub raj mis yas. Lub enzyme yeej tso cai rau cov kab mob kom degrade cov yas ua lawv cov khoom noj. Tam sim no tsis muaj cov kev daws teeb meem rov ua dua tshiab rau PET thiab lub raj mis yas ua los ntawm PET txuas ntxiv mus rau ntau pua xyoo hauv ib puag ncig. Txoj kev tshawb no coj los ntawm pab pawg ntawm University of Portsmouth thiab United States Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) tau ua rau muaj kev cia siab loj heev.
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog los txiav txim siab peb-seem siv lead ua qauv ntawm lub ntuj enzyme (hu ua PETase) thiab siv cov ntaub ntawv no kom nkag siab tias qhov enzyme no ua haujlwm li cas. Lawv tau siv lub teeb ci hnyav ntawm X-rays - uas yog 10 billion lub sij hawm ci dua lub hnub - txhawm rau nthuav tawm cov qauv thiab pom cov atoms ntawm tus kheej. Cov kab teeb muaj zog zoo li no tau ua kom nkag siab txog kev ua haujlwm sab hauv ntawm cov enzyme thiab muab cov qauv tsim nyog kom muaj peev xwm tsim cov enzymes sai dua thiab ua haujlwm zoo dua. Nws tau tshaj tawm tias PETase zoo li zoo ib yam li lwm cov enzyme hu ua cutinase tshwj tsis yog tias PETase muaj qhov tshwj xeeb thiab qhov chaw "qhib" ntau dua, uas xav kom haum rau tib neeg tsim cov polymers (tsis yog cov khoom ntuj tsim). Cov kev sib txawv no tam sim ntawd qhia tias PETase tej zaum yuav hloov zuj zus ntxiv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig uas muaj PET thiab yog li tuaj yeem ua rau PET degrade. Lawv hloov pauv PETase qhov chaw nquag ua kom nws zoo li cutinase. Dab tsi ua raws li qhov tshwm sim tsis tau xav txog tag nrho, PETase mutant muaj peev xwm degrade PET txawm zoo dua li lub ntuj PETase. Yog li, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev nkag siab thiab sim txhim kho lub ntuj enzyme lub peev xwm, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua tiav kev tsim kho lub enzyme tshiab uas tseem zoo dua li cov enzymes ntuj hauv kev rhuav tshem PET. yas. Cov enzyme no tseem tuaj yeem degrade polyethylene furandicarboxylate, los yog PEF, bio-raws li kev hloov pauv rau PET plastics.Qhov no tau tsim kev cia siab los daws lwm cov substrates xws li PEF (Polyethylene Furanoate) lossis PBS (Polybutylene succinate). Cov cuab yeej rau enzyme engineering thiab evolution tuaj yeem siv txuas ntxiv rau kev txhim kho ntxiv. Cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom saib txoj hauv kev los txhim kho cov enzyme kom nws txoj haujlwm tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv kev lag luam loj loj. Cov txheej txheem engineering zoo ib yam li cov enzymes uas tam sim no tau siv rau hauv bio-ntxuav detergents lossis hauv kev tsim cov biofuels. Cov thev naus laus zis muaj nyob thiab yog li kev lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig yuav tsum ua tiav nyob rau xyoo tom ntej.
Kev tshawb fawb ntxiv yog xav tau kom nkag siab qee yam ntawm txoj kev tshawb no. Ua ntej, cov enzyme zom cov khoom loj ntawm cov yas rau hauv cov khoom me me, yog li nws txhawb nqa rov ua dua tshiab ntawm cov raj mis yas, tab sis tag nrho cov yas no yuav tsum tau rov qab ua ntej. Cov yas "me me" no thaum rov qab tuaj yeem siv los tig lawv rov qab mus rau lub raj mis yas. Lub enzyme tsis tuaj yeem "mus thiab nrhiav cov yas ntawm nws tus kheej" hauv ib puag ncig. Ib qho kev xaiv yuav yog cog cov enzyme no rau hauv qee cov kab mob uas tuaj yeem pib tawg cov yas ntawm tus nqi siab dua thaum tiv taus qhov kub thiab txias. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev cuam tshuam ntev ntawm cov enzyme no tseem yuav tsum nkag siab.
Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov kev daws teeb meem tshiab no los daws cov khib nyiab yas yuav yog qhov siab heev ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Peb tau sim daws cov teeb meem yas puas tau txij li thaum lub tswv yim ntawm yas nws tus kheej. Muaj txoj cai txwv tsis pub siv ib leeg-yas thiab cov yas rov ua dua tshiab tam sim no nyiam nyob txhua qhov chaw. Txawm tias cov kauj ruam me me xws li txwv tsis pub nqa hnab yas hauv khw muag khoom tau dhau los ntawm kev tshaj tawm. Lub ntsiab lus yog, peb yuav tsum ua ceev ceev yog tias peb xav khaws cia peb ntiaj chaw los ntawm yas pa phem. Txawm hais tias peb yuav tsum ua raws li kev coj ua rov ua dua tshiab hauv peb lub neej niaj hnub thaum txhawb peb cov menyuam ua li ntawd thiab. Peb tseem xav tau txoj kev daws teeb meem zoo mus sij hawm ntev uas tuaj yeem mus koom tes nrog peb tus kheej kev siv zog. Qhov kev tshawb fawb no yog qhov pib rau kev daws ib qho teeb meem loj tshaj plaws uas peb ntiaj chaw yog ntsib.
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{Koj tuaj yeem nyeem cov ntawv tshawb fawb thawj zaug los ntawm nyem rau ntawm DOI qhov txuas tau muab hauv qab no hauv cov npe ntawm cov khoom raug suav nrog}
Qhov (s)
Harry P et al. 2018. Tus cwj pwm thiab engineering ntawm cov yas-degrading aromatic polyesterase. Cov txheej txheem ntawm National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1718804115
