Hom tshuaj tiv thaiv COVID-19 hauv Vogue: Puas tuaj yeem muaj qee yam tsis zoo?

Hauv kev xyaum tshuaj, ib qho feem ntau nyiam lub sij hawm sim ua pov thawj txoj hauv kev thaum kho thiab sim tiv thaiv kab mob. Ib qho kev tsim kho tshiab feem ntau xav kom dhau qhov kev sim ntawm lub sijhawm. Peb tau pom zoo COVID-19 tshuaj tiv thaiv, ob qho tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA thiab ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob adenovirus vector DNA tshuaj tiv thaiv, yog raws li cov tswv yim thiab cov thev naus laus zis uas tsis tau siv rau tib neeg yav dhau los (txawm tias ob peb tau pom zoo siv rau hauv cov tshuaj kho tsiaj). Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog tau sawv qhov kev sim ntawm lub sijhawm rau ntau tshaj li ib nrab xyoo pua thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj thiab tshem tawm ntau yam kab mob sib kis. Puas yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub sijhawm zoo-kev sim txoj kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog uas muaj cov kab mob tua lossis cov kab mob hnyav txaus kom muab pov tseg tag nrho los xaiv cov thev naus laus zis uas tsis tau siv rau tib neeg ua ntej? Pom tau tias, qhov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb tshaj tawm los ntawm kev sib kis zoo li muaj kev soj ntsuam zoo tshaj plaws thiab kev siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tshwm sim, muaj peev xwm tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab kho cov thev naus laus zis uas txwv tsis pub siv ntau xyoo los pom lub teeb ntawm hnub. 

Peb tau pom zoo COVID-19 tshuaj tiv thaiv tam sim no tau raug tswj hwm rau cov neeg hauv tebchaws Askiv raws li kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv loj heev los tiv thaiv tus kabmob kis thoob ntiaj teb raws li qhov tseem ceeb tau teeb tsa los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm yog  

1. BNT162b2 (tsim los ntawm Pfizer/BioNTech): a Tshuaj tiv thaiv mRNA, nqa cov lus rau kev qhia ntawm cov kab mob protein antigen hauv tib neeg lub hlwb  
2. mRNA-1273 (tsim los ntawm Moderna): mRNA Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ua tib yam li saum toj no 
3. ChAdOx1 nCoV-2019 (by Oxford / AstraZeneca): Basic, a Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv DNA, siv genetic engineered adenovirus raws li ib tug vector los nqa spike-protein noob ntawm tus kab mob tshiab coronavirus uas tau qhia nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub hlwb uas ua raws li antigen rau active tiv thaiv kab mob.  

Tag nrho cov saum toj no hais peb Covid-19 tshuaj tiv thaiv xav tias yuav ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob tshiab tshiab. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob (ob leeg humoral thiab cellular) pib tom qab raug rau antigens. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm mRNA tshuaj tiv thaivQhov no tshwm sim tom qab cov kab mob kis kab mob kis tau tshwm sim hauv tib neeg lub hlwb tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas muaj tus xa xov tooj RNA. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm lwm yam, kev tiv thaiv kab mob tshwm sim tom qab qhia txog tus mob coronavirus DNA koom nrog hauv adenovirus. Ib tug yuav sib cav hais tias cov no tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tiag tiag hauv kev txiav txim siab nruj vim lawv lawv tus kheej tsis yog cov antigens thiab tsis tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob kom txog thaum muab txhais ua cov kab mob sib kis hauv tib neeg lub hlwb. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, los ntawm txhais tau tias ua rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm peb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nws yuav tsum tau tos kom txog thaum cov kab mob kis tau muab txhais ua cov proteins uas nyob rau hauv lem tuaj yeem ua raws li antigens. Peb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau pom zoo no yog ua raws li cov thev naus laus zis uas tsis tau siv rau tib neeg ua ntej.   

Hauv tsib lub xyoos dhau los los yog li ntawd, tshuaj tiv thaiv tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv ntau yam kab mob sib kis (tshwj tsis yog malaria). Lub sij hawm ntsuas kub tus qauv yog siv cov kab mob tua tsis tau lossis cov kab mob ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nws yuav luag ib txwm ua haujlwm. Qhov no yog li cas ob peb kab mob sib kis tau tswj tau thiab qee qhov kev tshem tawm dhau los. 

Yog tias tus kab mob kis thoob qhov txhia chaw tam sim no tau tawm tsam tib neeg hais tias ib xyoo caum dhau los, peb tseem yuav tau siv lub sijhawm qub zoo-kuaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tau siv cov kab mob tua kab mob tab sis kev tshawb fawb tau nce ntau dhau los tsis ntev los no. Kev nce qib hauv molecular biology ntawm cov noob thiab nws cov peev xwm siv hauv kev kho mob thiab kev tsim tshuaj tiv thaiv ua ke nrog kev txhawb nqa cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov qauv tsiaj txhais tau hais tias ua siab zoo rau txoj kev uas twb muaj lawm ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv los ntawm kev nthuav tawm cov antigens tsis muaj zog. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev dag ntxias tib neeg lub cev los tsim cov kab mob sib kis hauv cov hlwb uas tuaj yeem ua raws li antigens rau kev pib tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv tus kheej tsim cov kab mob kis tau zoo yog sleek thiab ntse thiab tej zaum yuav yog lub teeb pom kev ntawm yav tom ntej hnub tom ntej. Tsuas yog tias tsis yog mRNA lossis hloov caj ces adenovirus tsis tau siv rau tib neeg los ntxias lub cev kom txhawb kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Tau kawg, muaj thawj zaug rau txhua yam tshiab. Yog lawm, tej zaum yuav nyob rau lub sijhawm muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb tom qab kawm txog kev cuam tshuam rau lub sijhawm ntev me ntsis suav nrog rau cov neeg tsis muaj zog.  

Muaj tseeb tiag, cov tswv yim tshiab no yog cov lus teb rau qee qhov teeb meem kev nyab xeeb xws li kev pheej hmoo rov qab, tsis txhob txwm tshaj tawm lossis ua yuam kev ntau lawm thiab lwm yam cuam tshuam nrog hom qub. tshuaj tiv thaiv. Ntxiv rau, txoj kev tshiab yog tsom zoo dua - cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb tiv thaiv kab mob tshwj xeeb antigen. Tab sis ib tus neeg tsis nco qab sau qee yam uas txhua tus paub tias tus kabmob kis no yog vim tus kabmob coronavirus, tus kabmob uas muaj keeb kwm tsis ntev los no ntawm ntau tus kabmob sib kis hauv ob lub xyoo dhau los, thiab tus kabmob uas paub tias muaj npe nrov rau kev hloov pauv sai vim tsis muaj ntawv pov thawj. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm nuclease, yog li qhia tias tus kab mob antigens yuav tsis nyob twj ywm zoo li qub rau lub sijhawm ntev. Thaj, qhov no yog qhov xwm txheej zoo li tam sim no.  

Yog lawm, kev sim tshuaj tau ua tiav rau cov kab mob gene-based tshuaj tiv thaiv uas ua pov thawj kev nyab xeeb thiab ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv qhov kev tso cai. Tib yam siv rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob virion tag nrho tsis siv tshuaj tiv thaiv COVID-19 thiab nws qhov kev ua tau zoo pib txog li 70% hauv kev sim hauv Brazil tau nqis mus rau 50.7% tom qab qee tus neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb tsim cov tsos mob me. Tab sis tom qab ntawd tag nrho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv virion inactivated paub tias yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam me me vim nws qhov xwm txheej, tejzaum nws yog kev lag luam tawm rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv ntau yam antigens.    

Cov ntaub ntawv ua tau zoo ntawm peb qhov kev pom zoo tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv UK, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog qib ntawm kev tiv thaiv muab rau cov neeg tsis muaj zog yuav qhia cov dab neeg tob dua yav tom ntej. Txog tam sim no, yog tias kev xaiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas muaj ntau yam antigens tau los ntawm cov kab mob tua tsis tau tuaj yeem ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua rau lub sijhawm ntev dua yog nyob rau hauv oblivion. Tej zaum yuav yog, rau cov neeg tsis muaj zog viz. rau cov neeg uas muaj kev pheej hmoo siab dua vim muaj hnub nyoog dhau los lossis muaj kev sib kis, ceev induction ntawm passive tiv thaiv los ntawm neutralizing cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tej zaum yuav muaj kev xaiv zoo dua thiab muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob rau lwm yam kev noj qab haus huv.

Pom tau tias, qhov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb tshaj tawm los ntawm kev sib kis zoo li muaj kev soj ntsuam zoo tshaj plaws thiab kev siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas muaj peev xwm loj thiab cov thev naus laus zis txhim kho uas tsis yog yuav siv ntau xyoo los pom lub teeb ntawm hnub. 

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.29198/scieu/210101

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